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Lighting Glossary

Lighting glossary

248 terms from alabaster to UGR, explained in plain English.

ABS
A tough, glossy plastic widely used for lamp shells in the 1960s and 1970s. Space age lighting
Accent light
Light that highlights objects, art or architecture to create focal points.
Acrylic
A clear, light and shatter resistant plastic that can be moulded into spheres and domes. Verner Panton
Alloy
A metal made by blending two or more metals, such as copper and zinc in brass. Brass in lighting
Ambient light
General light that lets you move safely and see the whole room.
Andon
A traditional Japanese lantern with paper stretched over a frame around an oil lamp or candle. Paper lamps
Bakelite
An early plastic, used for sockets, switches and lamp parts in the mid-20th century. Buying vintage lamps
Ball-and-socket joint
A joint in which a ball turns inside a cup, allowing movement in many directions. Lampe Gras
Bathroom zones
Areas around the bath, shower and basin with specific rules for electrical fittings. Details vary by country. Bathroom lighting ideas
Bayonet
A lamp socket in which the bulb is pushed in and turned to lock, such as B22. Buying vintage lamps
Bayonet cap
A bulb base with two side pins that pushes in and turns to lock, common in British homes. Choosing light bulbs
Beam angle
The angle of the cone of light from a spot or downlight. Narrow beams accent, wide beams flood.
Bias light
A soft light behind a television that reduces the contrast between the bright screen and a dark room. Home cinema lighting
Biscuit porcelain
Porcelain that has been fired but left unglazed, with a matt surface. Ceramic lamps
Blind lantern
A lantern with a shutter that hides the light without putting it out. Eclisse
Bollard
A low, post shaped outdoor light that stands beside a path or drive. Garden path lighting
Cable gland
The sealed entry through which a cable passes into a light fitting. IP ratings explained
Calcite
A calcium carbonate mineral; calcite alabaster is harder and often banded in cream and brown. Alabaster lamps
Candela
The intensity of light in one direction, used to describe spotlights. Lumen, lux and watt
Canopy
The cover at the ceiling where a pendant’s cable is fixed and the wiring is hidden.
Carrara marble
A white or blue grey marble quarried around Carrara in Tuscany, prized since Roman times. Arco
Cased glass
Glass made of two or more fused layers, for example opal between clear layers. Opal glass
Catenary wire
A tensioned steel support wire that carries the weight of a festoon or light string. Garden party lighting
CE mark
The manufacturer’s declaration that a product meets EU requirements; not proof of independent testing. Original or replica
Ceiling rose
A decorative plaster or metal disc on the ceiling around the point where a light hangs. Modern chandeliers
Certificate of origin
A signed document that confirms a reissued lamp was made by the authorised producer. Serge Mouille
Chandelier hoist
A motorised winch in the ceiling that lowers a heavy or high fitting for cleaning and maintenance. Villa entrance hall lighting
Cluster
A group of pendants hung together, often at different heights, so they read as one object. Pendant lights
COB strip
Chip on board: LEDs packed so densely that they form a continuous line of light. LED strip lighting
Cocoon
A sprayable polymer that forms a translucent skin over a wire or steel frame, used for organic lamp shapes. Italian lighting design
Colour rendering
How naturally a light source shows colours, important for drawing, painting and choosing clothes. Children’s room lighting
Colour rendering index
CRI for short, a scale up to 100 that shows how naturally a light source reveals colours. Outdoor kitchen lighting
Colour temperature
How warm or cool white light looks, measured in Kelvin.
Commissioning
The final stage, in which fittings are aimed, scenes are programmed and the system is checked. Working with a lighting designer
Compasso d’Oro
Italy’s most prestigious industrial design award, founded in 1954.
Constructor
Prouvé’s preferred term for himself, from the French constructeur: a builder who designs from structure and production. Jean Prouvé
Control gear
Electronic devices such as drivers that operate a light source. Sustainable lighting
Coolie
A steep, cone-shaped lampshade with a small top and a wide base. Fabric lampshades
Coping
The stone or tile border that caps the edge of a pool. Pool lighting ideas
Cordless lamp
A lamp with a built-in rechargeable battery that runs without a cable. Balcony lighting ideas for small outdoor spaces
Correlated colour temperature
The Kelvin value of the glowing object whose colour most closely matches a light source such as an LED. Colour temperature
Counterweight
A weight that balances another load, so a structure stays in equilibrium without springs. Tizio
Cove
A recess or ledge near the ceiling that hides a light source and washes the ceiling with indirect light. Living room lighting ideas for long evenings
Cove light
A concealed light source in a ceiling recess or ledge that washes the ceiling with indirect light. Home cinema lighting
Cove lighting
Indirect light hidden in a ledge or recess, usually along the ceiling.
Crazing
A network of fine cracks in glass, glaze or enamel. Buying vintage lamps
CRI
Colour rendering index (also Ra): how faithfully a light source shows colours, on a scale up to 100. For homes, 90 or more is recommended.
Cristallo
A very clear Venetian glass developed in the fifteenth century and generally credited to Angelo Barovier. Murano glass
Curtain wall
A non-load-bearing outer wall, often of metal and glass, hung on the frame of a building. Jean Prouvé
DALI
A digital control standard that lets each light be dimmed and grouped individually. Track lighting
Deep recessed
A downlight with the light source set well back in its housing, hiding it from most viewing angles. Recessed downlights
Design rights
Legal protection for the appearance of a product, registered or unregistered depending on the country. Original or replica
Diffuse light
Soft light spread in many directions, with gentle shadows and little glare. Pendant lights
Diffused light
Light that is scattered by a material such as paper or glass, so it looks soft and even. Akari
Diffuser
A translucent cover, for example opal glass or acrylic, that spreads light and hides the light source.
Dim to warm
LED technology that makes light warmer as it is dimmed, similar to a filament bulb. Living room lighting ideas for long evenings
Dim-to-warm
LED technology that makes light warmer as it is dimmed, like an incandescent bulb. Modern chandeliers
Discomfort glare
Glare that irritates and tires the eyes without actually preventing you from seeing. Glare
Downlight
A ceiling light, often recessed, that throws light downwards.
Downlighting
Light mounted high, in a tree or under the eaves, and aimed downwards. Garden lighting design
Drive over
A rating for in-ground lights that can carry the load of cars. In-ground and floor lights
Driver
The electronic unit that supplies an LED with the right current and voltage.
Drum shade
A straight-sided, cylindrical shade open at top and bottom. Table lamps
Duct
An empty protective pipe laid in the ground or in walls so cables can be pulled through later. Lighting a new build or renovation
E27
The common large screw socket for bulbs in Europe, 27 mm in diameter. E14 is the smaller version.
Earth connection
A protective wire that leads stray current safely away from metal parts. Buying vintage lamps
Efficacy
How efficiently a lamp turns electricity into light, measured in lumens per watt. Lumen, lux and watt
EPREL
The European Product Registry for Energy Labelling, the EU database behind the QR code on energy labels. Energy labels for light sources
Etching
Dull marks left when acids react with marble or limestone. Marble and stone in lighting
Festoon lights
A string of lamps hung in a gentle curve between two points, often over a table or a terrace. Roof terrace lighting ideas
Fibre optics
Thin glass or plastic fibres that carry light from a remote source to tiny points, without electricity or heat at the end. Home cinema lighting
Filament LED
An LED bulb whose thin light strips imitate the look of a classic incandescent filament.
First fix
The building stage when cables and back boxes go into open walls and ceilings, before plastering. Lighting a new build or renovation
Flicker
Rapid fluctuations of light output, sometimes visible, sometimes not, often caused by poor drivers or dimmers.
Fluorescent tube
A long glass tube filled with gas; an electric current makes the gas emit ultraviolet light, which a coating on the inside of the tube turns into visible light. Gino Sarfatti
Form master
At the Bauhaus, the artist who led design teaching in a workshop, alongside a craft master. Bauhaus lighting
Framing projector
A spotlight with shutters or masks that shape the beam to the outline of an artwork. Picture lights
Frosted glass
Glass whose surface has been roughened by acid etching or sandblasting so that it diffuses light. Art Deco lighting
Full cut-off
A fitting designed so that no light is emitted above the horizontal, keeping the sky dark. Driveway and entrance lighting for villas
Gesamtkunstwerk
German for “total work of art”: a project in which architecture, interiors and objects follow one idea. AJ lamp
Ghosting
A faint glow from an LED when it is switched off. Dimming LED lights
Glare
Discomfort or reduced vision caused by a light source that is too bright in the field of view.
Grazing
Light aimed at a steep angle along a wall to bring out its texture.
Grazing light
Light that strikes a surface at a shallow angle and reveals its texture. Mediterranean lighting
GU10
A twist and lock socket with two pins, typical for spotlights and downlights.
Gypsum
A soft calcium sulphate mineral; its fine-grained form is the alabaster used in most European lamps. Alabaster lamps
Halogen
A compact incandescent bulb filled with halogen gas, giving bright, crisp light; widely replaced by LED today. Tizio
Hand-spun
Shaped by pressing a rotating metal disc over a form on a lathe, by hand. Alvar Aalto
Harp
The metal frame that carries a lampshade above the lamp holder. Table lamps
Heat sink
A metal part that draws heat away from the LED chip. LED explained
Honed
A smooth, matt or satin stone finish without gloss. Marble and stone in lighting
Hot spot
A brighter patch on a shade where the bulb shows through. Opal glass
Hurricane lamp
A candle or lamp protected by a tall glass chimney that shields the flame from wind. Garden party lighting
Hygge
The Danish idea of cosiness and warm, relaxed togetherness. PH5
IEC 60529
The international standard that defines IP codes and the tests behind each digit. IP ratings explained
IK code
A separate rating for a fitting’s resistance to mechanical impact. IP ratings explained
IK rating
A scale from IK00 to IK10 that shows how well a fitting resists impacts. In-ground and floor lights
Impregnating sealer
A treatment that soaks into porous stone and makes it less prone to staining. Marble and stone in lighting
Incandescent
A traditional bulb that produces light by heating a thin wire filament until it glows. Serge Mouille
Indirect light
Light that reaches you after bouncing off a wall, ceiling or object, so the source itself stays hidden. Roof terrace lighting ideas
Infrared heater
An outdoor heater that warms people and surfaces directly with infrared radiation. Pergola lighting ideas for outdoor dining
Ingress protection
The protection a housing offers against solid objects and water getting in, expressed as an IP code. IP ratings explained
Injection moulding
A process in which molten plastic is pressed into a steel mould to form a shell in one piece. Space age lighting
Integrated LED
An LED light source built permanently into a lamp instead of a separate, changeable bulb. Sustainable lighting
IP rating
Ingress protection: a two digit code for protection against solids and water, important in bathrooms and outdoors.
IP68
The protection rating for fittings that can stay permanently under water. Pool lighting ideas
Kelvin
The unit of colour temperature (K). Around 2,700 K is warm white, 4,000 K neutral and 6,500 K cool daylight.
Key light
The main and strongest light on an object, usually set to one side. Picture lights
Kilowatt hour
The unit of electrical energy used on electricity bills; 1 kWh equals 1,000 watts for one hour. Energy labels for light sources
Knurled
Finished with a fine raised pattern for grip, typical of switches and knobs on brass lamps. Brass in lighting
Kōzo
The paper mulberry, the most widely used fibre for washi. Paper lamps
L70
The hours until an LED’s light output falls to 70 percent of its original value. LED explained
L80
A lifetime rating: the hours after which an LED still gives 80 per cent of its original light. LED luminaires
Lacquer
A clear protective coating that stops metal from oxidising and keeps its original shine. Michael Anastassiades
Lamella
A thin slat of wood or another material; many lamellas together form a shade that filters light. Scandinavian lighting
Leading edge
The older dimming method that cuts the start of each half-wave. Dimming LED lights
LED
Light emitting diode: a small electronic light source that is efficient, long lasting and gives off little heat. Ingo Maurer
LED profile
An aluminium channel that holds an LED strip, usually behind a diffuser, for building light into furniture. Walk-in wardrobe lighting
Licence
Permission from the rights holder, such as the designer or their estate, to produce a design. Original or replica
LiFePO4
Lithium iron phosphate, a rechargeable battery type known for a long cycle life. Solar garden lights
Light pollution
Artificial light that spills into the sky or into places where it is not wanted. Facade lighting
Light strike
A fault in wine caused by UV and short-wavelength blue light, which triggers reactions that create unpleasant aromas. Wine cellar lighting
Limewash
A traditional paint made from slaked lime and water that gives walls a soft, matt finish. Mediterranean lighting
Linear fitting
A long, slim suspended light that spreads light evenly along a table or worktop. Dining room lighting
Linear LED fitting
A long, slim luminaire with LEDs behind a diffuser that produces a continuous line of light. Garage lighting ideas
Linear pendant
A long, narrow pendant that spreads light along a table or kitchen island. How big should a pendant be
Liner
An inner layer in a lampshade that hides the frame and reflects or softens the light. Fabric lampshades
Lithium-ion battery
A light, rechargeable battery type used in most cordless lamps, phones and laptops. Cordless designer lamps
Lithophane
A thin porcelain panel whose moulded relief reveals an image when lit from behind. Ceramic lamps
Louvre
Small slats or a grille in front of a light source that direct the light and block glare. Staircase lighting ideas
Low voltage
Lighting that runs at a much lower voltage than mains electricity, usually 12 volts, supplied through a transformer. Ingo Maurer
Lumen
The amount of visible light a source emits (symbol lm). The number to compare bulbs by, instead of watts.
Luminaire
The technical word for a complete lamp or light fitting, with housing, optics and electrical parts.
Luminous efficacy
Lumens per watt: how efficiently a light source turns electricity into light.
Lux
Light falling on a surface: one lumen per square metre. Used for recommended light levels on desks, tables and floors.
MacAdam steps
A measure of how closely the colour of light sources matches, where fewer steps mean better consistency. LED luminaires
Matter
A smart home standard first published in 2022 that aims to let devices from different brands work together. Smart lighting
Melanopsin
A light-sensitive pigment in certain cells of the eye that report the general level of light to the body clock. Circadian lighting
Mesh network
A wireless network in which devices relay messages to each other, extending the range across a house. Smart lighting
Methacrylate
A clear, strong plastic, also known as acrylic or perspex, used here in a milky white opal version for the shade. Gae Aulenti
Microprismatic diffuser
A cover with tiny prisms that spreads light and reduces glare. Linear pendants
Minimum load
The lowest total wattage a dimmer needs to work properly. Dimming LED lights
Mino washi
Washi made in the Mino area of Gifu Prefecture, one of Japan’s oldest paper traditions. Akari
Mock-up
A temporary test of a lighting effect on site before the final installation. Working with a lighting designer
Mohs scale
A scale of mineral hardness from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest). Alabaster lamps
Moonlighting
Lighting a tree from high in its branches, aimed downwards, to cast dappled shadows on the ground. Tree uplighting
Mother-of-pearl
The iridescent inner layer of certain shells, cut into thin discs for Panton’s Fun lamps. Verner Panton
Motion sensor
A detector that switches a light on when it registers movement and off again after a set time. Driveway and entrance lighting for villas
Moulded glass
Glass shaped in a mould, allowing relief patterns to be produced in series. Art Deco lighting
Mouth-blown
Glass shaped by a glassblower blowing air through a pipe, often into a mould. Opal glass
Murrine
Slices of layered coloured glass canes, fused together into a vessel or shade. Murano glass
Mushroom lamp
A lamp with a dome-shaped shade on a slender stem. Table lamps
Nagashi-zuki
A Japanese papermaking method that uses plant mucilage and a rocking motion to form thin, strong sheets. Paper lamps
Nosing
The front edge of a stair tread, often slightly projecting over the step below. Staircase lighting ideas
OLED
Organic light emitting diode: a thin, flat panel that glows evenly across its whole surface. Ingo Maurer
Opal glass
Milky white glass that diffuses light evenly without visible hot spots.
Opaline glass
Milky, translucent glass that diffuses light evenly and softly. Gae Aulenti
Open shade
A shade open at the bottom, such as a dome or cone, that sends light downward in a defined pool. Pendant lights
Patent
A legal right that protects an invention for a set period, preventing others from copying it. Anglepoise
Patina
The natural change of colour on a metal surface as it reacts with air and touch over time. Michael Anastassiades
Pendant
A lamp that hangs from the ceiling on a cord, cable or rod. Verner Panton
Perforation
A pattern of small holes punched into a shade that lets light escape softly. Alvar Aalto
pH-neutral
Neither acidic nor alkaline, and therefore safe for cleaning sensitive stone. Marble and stone in lighting
Phosphor
A coating that converts blue LED light into other colours to create white light. Colour rendering
Photovoltaic panel
A panel of solar cells that turns daylight directly into electricity. Solar garden lights
Picture light
A slim light on an arm mounted above a painting or a shelf bay, throwing light down over the surface. Home library lighting
Pitch line
The imaginary sloping line connecting the front edges of the treads, used as a reference for heights on a stair. Staircase lighting ideas
Plinth lighting
A light line in the recessed base below kitchen units that makes the cabinetry appear to float. Kitchen lighting ideas
Polycarbonate
A tough, clear plastic that can be blow-moulded into shapes such as globes. Tom Dixon
Porcelain
Fine white ceramic made largely from kaolin and fired at high temperatures; translucent when thin. Ceramic lamps
Prefabrication
Making building or furniture parts in a workshop so they can be assembled quickly on site. Jean Prouvé
Presence sensor
A sensor that detects even small movements, such as a person sitting still, unlike a simpler motion sensor. Smart lighting
Provenance
The documented history of an object, including its previous owners. Original or replica
PWM
Pulse width modulation: dimming by switching LEDs on and off very rapidly. LED strip lighting
R9
The colour rendering value for saturated red, important for skin tones, food and wood.
RCD
Residual current device, a safety switch that cuts the power instantly if current leaks to earth. Outdoor kitchen lighting
Reactive glaze
A glaze that runs and changes colour during firing, giving each piece a unique surface. Ceramic lamps
Ready-made
An everyday object used as part of a work of art or design, an idea associated with Marcel Duchamp. Arco
Reflector
The inner surface of a lamp head that bounces light and shapes it into a beam. Tolomeo
Refraction
The bending of light as it passes through glass or crystal, which splits it into sparkles and flashes of colour. Modern chandeliers
Reissue
A new production of a historic design, made under licence from the designer or the estate. Jean Prouvé
Replica
A copy of a design made without the rights holder’s licence. Original or replica
Retrofit
An LED bulb made to replace an older bulb in an existing socket.
Riser
The vertical face between two treads of a stair. Step lights
Safety extra low voltage
A very low, isolated supply voltage used for fittings in the wettest positions. Bathroom lighting ideas
Safety extra-low voltage
A low voltage supplied through a safety transformer, required for lights in the wettest bathroom zones. IP ratings explained
Scene
A stored combination of light levels for several circuits, recalled with one button. Villa entrance hall lighting
Sconce
A light fixture mounted on a wall. Serge Mouille
Second fix
The stage after plastering when switches, sockets and fittings are connected. Lighting a new build or renovation
SELV
Safety extra low voltage, a supply at a very low voltage (often 12 volts) used for lights in and around water. Pool lighting ideas
Semi-flush
A ceiling light that hangs a short distance below the ceiling on a short stem, between a flush fitting and a pendant. How big should a pendant be
Semiconductor
A material that conducts electricity only under certain conditions; LEDs are made from it. LED explained
Shadow gap
A slim recess where wall meets ceiling or floor, often used to hide a linear light source. Hallway and corridor lighting ideas
Shielding angle
The angle above which the bright light source inside a fitting is hidden from view; also called cut-off angle. Glare
Shoji
Sliding Japanese screens of wooden lattice covered with translucent paper. Akari
Silhouetting
Lighting the surface behind a plant so that the plant appears as a dark outline. Tree uplighting
Silversmith
A craftsperson who shapes and finishes silver and other metals by hand, in French an orfèvre. Serge Mouille
Skylight
A window set into a roof that brings daylight in from above. Alvar Aalto
Slip-cast
Made by pouring liquid clay into plaster moulds. Ceramic lamps
Slub
A small, thicker section of yarn that gives linen its characteristic irregular texture. Fabric lampshades
Socket
The base or cap of a bulb and the matching holder in the lamp, identified by codes such as E27 or GU10. Choosing light bulbs
Sommerso
A technique in which one colour of glass is cased inside another, creating layered colour. Murano glass
Spider fitter
A shade fitting that rests on a harp above the bulb and is secured with a finial. Fabric lampshades
Spun aluminium
Aluminium shaped on a spinning lathe into smooth, even shades and reflectors. Original or replica
Stoneware
Dense, strong ceramic fired at roughly 1,100 to 1,300 °C that absorbs very little water. Ceramic lamps
Streamline Moderne
A sleeker 1930s variant of Art Deco with rounded forms and horizontal lines inspired by transport design. Art Deco lighting
Submersible light
A sealed light designed to work under water, for fountains and pools. Patio and courtyard lighting
Suspension
A lamp that hangs from the ceiling on a cable or rod, also called a pendant. Michael Anastassiades
Swing arm
A lamp arm that pivots at a fixed point so the light can be moved across a room. Jean Prouvé
Task light
Focused light for an activity such as reading, cooking or working.
Telescopic stem
A stem made of tubes that slide into one another, so the height of the lamp can be adjusted. Gae Aulenti
Three-shade system
Henningsen’s principle of layered shades that reflect light and hide the bulb, refined in 1926 and 1927. PH5
Tinsmith
A craftsman who works thin sheet metal into everyday objects. Paavo Tynell
TM-30
A newer method for evaluating colour quality using 99 colour samples. Colour rendering
Torchère
A tall floor lamp that directs its light upwards onto the ceiling. Art Deco lighting
Torchiere
Another name for a floor-standing uplighter, usually with a bowl-shaped head. Floor lamps
Total interior
A space in which furniture, colour, textiles and lighting are designed together as one composition. Verner Panton
Trailing edge
A dimming method that cuts the end of each half-wave; usually the better match for LEDs. Dimming LED lights
Transformer
A device that converts mains electricity to the lower voltage needed by low voltage lamps. Ingo Maurer
Translucent
Letting light through while scattering it, so shapes behind cannot be seen clearly. Alabaster lamps
Travertine
A limestone formed around mineral springs, with characteristic pits and channels. Marble and stone in lighting
Trimless
A downlight plastered flush into the ceiling with no visible rim. Recessed downlights
Trimless fitting
A recessed light plastered into the ceiling without a visible ring around its opening. Minimalist lighting
Tunable white
Light whose colour temperature can be changed, for example from warm to neutral white.
Tunnel effect
The narrow, gloomy feel of a corridor whose walls stay dark while only the floor is lit. Hallway and corridor lighting ideas
Twilight sensor
A sensor that switches lights on at dusk and off at dawn. Step lights
Two-way switching
Wiring that lets you switch the same light from two places, such as the top and bottom of a staircase. Lighting a new build or renovation
UGR
Unified glare rating: a number used by lighting planners to rate discomfort glare; lower is better.
Ultraviolet
Invisible radiation beyond violet light that fades pigments, paper and textiles. Picture lights
Unified Glare Rating
A method adopted by the CIE to estimate discomfort glare from all the fittings in a room; lower values mean less glare. Glare
Uplight
A lamp that throws light upwards, onto a ceiling, a wall or a tree.
Uplighter
A lamp that directs its light onto the ceiling, which reflects it back into the room as soft, indirect light. Floor lamps
Uplighting
Light placed at ground level and aimed upwards, typically at trees, columns or walls. Garden lighting design
USB-C
A common, reversible connector used to charge many small electronic devices. Cordless designer lamps
UV
Ultraviolet radiation, invisible to the eye. It harms wine, paper and fabrics; modern LEDs emit practically none. Wine cellar lighting
Vacuum metallisation
A process in which metal is vaporised in a vacuum chamber and settles on an object as a very thin reflective layer. Tom Dixon
Veiling reflection
A reflection of a light source on a screen or glossy page that washes out contrast. Glare
Visual weight
How heavy an object looks, which depends on its material, colour and transparency as well as its size. How big should a pendant be
Wabi-sabi
A Japanese aesthetic that finds beauty in imperfection, impermanence and modesty. Japanese inspired lighting
Wall grazing
Lighting a wall from very close at a steep angle to reveal its texture. Indirect lighting
Wall washer
A ceiling fitting with an asymmetric reflector that directs light onto a wall rather than the floor. Hallway and corridor lighting ideas
Wall washing
Lighting a wall evenly from above or below so that the whole surface glows.
Warm dim
LEDs that become warmer in colour as they are dimmed, like old incandescent bulbs.
Warm dimming
LED technology that makes light warmer as it dims, close to the behaviour of candlelight or a filament bulb. Dining room lighting
Washi
Traditional Japanese paper made from plant fibres; strong, textured and slightly translucent. Akari
Watt
Electrical power a light source uses. With LEDs it says little about brightness.
WEEE
Waste electrical and electronic equipment: the EU rules for collecting and recycling electrical products. Sustainable lighting
Welding
Joining metal parts by melting them together with intense heat. Tom Dixon

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